The use of armor in the Pacific during World War II began as an experimental attempt to break through the strong defensive positions on the island of New Guinea during the battle of Buna. Push/pull mac os. The military found that even though the terrain dictated when and where tanks could be employed, their use provided the infantry with the needed firepower and armor protection that could be found nowhere else on the battlefield at the time.
There were occasions where tanks could not be used, primarily due to poor terrain. During the New Guinea campaign, tanks were brought onto the beach at Hollandia, but due to the wetness of the terrain and softness of the ground, could not be used in that area. They remained on the beach to protect the logistical base. The same holds true for the Santa Maria area of the Philippines where tanks were relatively useless due to the terrain. Wherever possible, tanks were brought ashore early in an assault to provide necessary support for the infantry.
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Tanks were effective in providing direct support to the infantry and proved to be an invaluable asset during the war. Their ability to get close to Japanese positions and employ cannon or flames to destroy enemy fortification complemented and enhanced the infantry's role, which was to destroy the enemy in close combat. The development of the tank-infantry team concept enhanced both combat arms' ability to accomplish assigned missions. They were employed as a team, along with artillery, engineers, and air power whenever possible. Although the war in the Pacific was primarily an infantryman's battle, the tank provided necessary direct support to the infantry and was employed in a manner which best suited the terrain and situation at the time.
Buna
The first introduction of armor into the Pacific theater of World War II was during the battle of Buna, New Guinea, from November 1942 to January 1943. Raven en pelotas mac os. Although the Japanese attempted to use tanks prior to Buna to overrun the Allied position in a surprise attack at Milne Bay on 25 August, the event was relatively insignificant as the tanks became mired in the mud and were abandoned by the Japanese. The lessons learned from this brief but unexpected armored confrontation were that the Australians were not armed with antitank weapons at the point of the attack and only poor trafficability saved what could have been a successful Japanese incursion.
The first Allied use of armor occurred just outside the village of Buna. Allied forces discovered a well- fortified Japanese strongpoint which repelled numerous infantry attempts to destroy the positions. The Allies' first attempt to use armored vehicles was the employment of armored Bren gun carriers, which were light armored cars with a top mounted heavy machine gun. Five carriers assaulted the Japanese positions, but were not supported by infantry. One well-concealed Japanese antitank gun destroyed all five carriers in less than 20 minutes. The infantry, pinned down behind a log wall, was unable to provide adequate supporting fire to suppress the enemy gun. The first attempt of allied use of armor failed due to lack of coordination of combined arms teamwork and support.
On December 18, 1942, Allied forces employed tanks in an offensive role in the vicinity of Cape Endaiader, also near Buna. Seven tanks, with one held in reserve, led a successful assault against Japanese machinegun emplacements. The tanks' 37mm main guns were used to penetrate the bunker and destroy the position. Dismounted infantry was used to protect the flanks of the vehicles during the attack. The tanks also used the main gun to knock down trees being used by snipers. As the attack continued, the tanks were slowed by heavy undergrowth. The infantry continued the attack but was soon stopped by more Japanese machinegun positions. The tanks were once again brought forward, supported by infantry, and destroyed the bunkers within two hours.[18] General Eichelberger described the Japanese strongpoints as a series of bunkers connected by trenches. The positions were concealed and well-protected and almost impervious to rifle and machinegun fire. He continued to assess that the successful destruction of Japanese bunkers at Buna was largely due to the employment of tanks, supported by infantry.
One tactic developed during the attack on Buna was to maneuver the tanks close to a bunker position, blast a hole in a corner of the bunker with the tank main gun, then use the tanks' machineguns to cover an infantry attack on the position. The infantry would throw hand grenades into the hole created by the tank round and destroy the bunker. This technique was demonstrated numerous times and was extremely effective in the elimination of enemy positions.
During the battle for Buna, many tanks were lost to enemy fire. The Japanese used antiaircraft guns effectively as antitank weapons against Allied tanks that were employed without infantry support. Of the original eight tanks listed previously, four were knocked out by Japanese antiaircraft guns. In almost all cases, the tanks were knocked out while leading an attack without reconnaissance or proper intelligence of the enemy situation.
The terrain in the area around Buna was a mixture of grassy plateaus, heavy forested areas, and swamps. Tanks were best used in the open, grassy terrain but were most vulnerable to enemy antitank fire. Only under complete surprise were tanks able to achieve success, as was the case on January 1, 1943 at Giropa Point. In this case, Allied tanks made a swift attack across open terrain, caught the Japanese by surprise and caused them to scatter and flee at the sight of the oncoming tanks. The Japanese were unable to reposition their antitank weapons in response to the suddenness of the attack and lost the advantage of their well-established kill zone (an area which the defender plan so inflict the most casualties on the enemy). In the heavily forested areas, the infantry physically led the tanks through the jungle, greatly impeding the speed and momentum of the attack. Engineers were not available at Buna to make roads for the tanks, which made them bypass swamps, forcing the infantry to continue the attack without tank support until a different route could be found.
General Eichelberger stated, 'There were no new principles of warfare learned at Buna,' but the importance of tank-infantry cooperation and the usefulness of tanks in support of the infantry during Buna became quite evident. In many cases, individual tanks were employed in support of an infantry platoon or company, and became an important asset to the success of the operation. Major General George Vasey, commander of the 7th Division, highlighted this thought when he stated that without tanks at Buna, the infantry could not have defeated the bunkers.
Tarawa Although the terrain on the island of Tarawa was not conducive to armored warfare, the Marines attempted to employ armor in the jungle fight during the fall of 1943. As at Buna, the Marines experimented with the problem of reducing and destroying heavily fortified enemy positions. The use of tanks at Tarawa did not resolve this problem for the Marines, but tanks were used wherever possible to support operations. Short dark mac os. During the battle of Tarawa, one tank battalion was assigned to each Marine division. Two medium tanks and seven light tanks supported the 3rd Battalion, 6th Marines during this operation. During the final offensive phase, the employment of the two medium Sherman tanks was paramount in saving many Marine lives.
On November 23, 1943, as the two Sherman tanks led a final assault, a strong Japanese counterattack poured down a narrow valley towards the American position. The tanks provided supporting fire using canister antipersonnel ammunition and decisively broke the enemy attack. It was estimated that the first round fired from the lead tank had killed 60-70 enemy soldiers. The main role for armor during the battle for Tarawa was to provide direct fire support for the infantry.
Biak
Throughout 1944, General MacArthur continued a leapfrog campaign from island to island to reduce Japanese strongholds in the Pacific. On May 27, 1944, American forces continued this strategy by landing on the island of Biak, a small Japanese-held base off the New Guinea coast. Although the terrain was not suitable for massed armored warfare, both American and Japanese forces employed a small number of tanks during this battle.
On 6 June. 1944, as United States infantry attacked across Biak, the first tank battle in the Pacific ensued. Seven light Japanese tanks attacked the American forces which were led by five Sherman tanks. The attacking Japanese tanks were destroyed in a battle that lasted less than thirty minutes. The amount of armor protection and larger gun system on the Sherman tanks directly contributed to the American success in battle.
Throughout the remainder of the battle for Biak, tanks were used to support the infantry and engineers. The island was found to be honeycombed with caves which the Japanese used as bunkers and hiding positions. Tank main gun fire was used to cover engineer demolition teams while they placed explosives in the caves. Other than the previously mentioned tank battle, armor was used to provide direct fire support for the infantry and engineers throughout the battle.
World War II may have irrevocably changed history and traumatised a generation, but as far as the games industry is concerned, it's the war that keeps on giving. Arguably its biggest gift was the phenomenal Medal Of Honor: Allied Assault, the game entering our Shooters chart at number one with a bullet (or several thousand) and finally displacing the epic Half-Life. The inevitable sequel is well under way, and it looks like being a very different proposition. Having extensively explored the European theatre in the original and its brace of expansion packs, the Medal Of Honor universe is heading East, starting at Pearl Harbor, heading for Tokyo and culminating in the assault on the Tarawa Atoll at the end of 1943.
Pacific Assault senior producer Matt Powers explains the thinking behind this move: About a year ago, after Allied Assault was finished, the team got together and started talking about what the next full product was going to be. The big thing to come out of it was where do we want the theatre of operations to be? The more we researched Europe, we found there were a lot more battles and interesting historical places to go, but we thought it would be really more interesting to go to the Pacific on this next product. The first thing we did was to talk to our partners around the world to determine if this was going to be a good idea for the franchise. Is it going to be popular in Europe? Is it going to be popular in Japan? This was one of our big concerns.
Understandably so, as the Japanese attack on the American fleet is one of the more contentious areas of the conflict. However, the message back from Japan was that they were happy to see the game go ahead, providing it didn't bastardise the Emperor. So don't expect to see him appear as an end-of-level boss.
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Keeping It Real
What you can expect is some extreme attention to detail, as the Medal Of Honor games are nothing if not exhaustively researched. Taking a tour of the EALA office is akin to visiting a WWII museum, the walls bedecked with maps, photos and paraphernalia from the period.As Powers says: The first thing we do is a lot of research. We research what the battles were like, we read a lot of books, we hire consultants, who come in and teach us what it was like to fight the Japanese. What were the Japanese strategies? What kind of clothing did they wear? What weapons did they use?'
It soon became apparent this conflict was a world away from the type of war being waged in Europe, and - as such from the gameplay in Allied Assault - something that was to have a marked effect on the game's development.
Theatre Of Cruelty
The Pacific theatre is a lot different from the European theatre, says Powers, primarily in terms of the terrain you're fighting in. In the Pacific, we're fighting on islands and in jungles, so we have a lot more terrain elements, more water, more foliage. When we started thinking about that in terms of our game design, we realised our technology's going to have to change in order to adapt to this new gameplay. In addition, we realised the tech we've been using tor Allied Assault, Spearhead and Breakthrough is starting to become a little dated for the PC. And when we're talking about PCs, especially first-person shooters, technology is a critical part of that audience and that feel. So with those two things combined, the design element and our ageing tech, we needed to develop a new technology. We did look at some off-the-shelf licensed tech out there, but we found they couldn't deliver our design requirement: large open environments, foliage, water, new Al, new collision, new physics.'
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It would appear to have been a wise decision, as from our sneak peek, the bespoke engine looks capable of rendering the game's complex jungle environments with considerable aplomb. Grass billows in the breeze, water ripples when disturbed and the assorted flora and fauna really feel alive.
The physics is also up to scratch, thanks to the integration of the de rigueur Havok engine. We were shown a bridge being blown up with planks tumbling into the water below, each displaying its own buoyancy as well as reacting to collisions.
Scripted events are far less rigidly implemented than in Allied Assault, with so-called procedural Al making for slightly different outcomes to events.And, of course, the obligatory ragdoll physics are in full effect.
As for the story, you are raw recruit Tom Conlin, stationed at Pearl Harbor, when the whole shooting match goes off. Tragically you are killed, and the game ends immediately. Of course it doesn't really, although that would be highly amusing. Instead, you face two hard years of brutal war, which if it doesn't kill you, will make a man of you, something that will actually be physically represented in the game. As part of a four-man squad, you'll actually be able to witness your buddies age, as their fresh young skin is ravaged by the horrors of war. Also, bandages may appear as appropriate, and they can even permanently lose a tooth.
This isn't an area that EALA has entered into lightly, and their location has helped them to employ the services of some of Hollywood's leading digital artists, with experience on films such as Shrek, Aladdin and Spider-Man. Their expertise is already evident, with characters boasting moving tongues, Adam's apples and even eyes that react to light. According to Powers: When players interact with other characters in the game, we want them to feel like they're talking to someone who's real and has a personality.'
Honourable Discharge
Pacific Assault will still be about action though, often frantic due to the Japanese strategy of banzai attacks, whereby everyone basically steams in with little regard for their personal safety. This is apparently a legitimate tactic, and one that the Japanese soldiers adopted if their leader was killed, preferring to die rather than face the dishonour of retreating.
As for your squad mates, they won't actually be killed but can be incapacitated during a mission and taken out by a medic to return patched up for the next battle. Medics will play a key part in proceedings, administering bandages to stem the flow of blood, something that takes time and leaves you vulnerable. You can call a medic for yourself or for a squad mate, at which point you may have to provide cover, as the Japanese show little regard for the conventions of warfare and will happily mow the good doctor down. If it comes to it. you can even pick up a mate and carry him to the medic, although we're not convinced anyone will bother with this sort of heroics.
Assault At Fault
As valuable as all these new features are, we'd be lying if we said we didn't have one or two concerns about Pacific Assault. Principal among these is that it will appear a bit tame in comparison to the magnificent Call Of Duty, which has now seriously raised the bar for war-based shooters. Not only this, but many of the levels seem a bit linear, which was excusable in the villages and trenches of Allied Assault, but is considerably less so in the open jungle terrain of the Pacific theatre.
Matt Powers attempts to allay our fears: Really, what it comes down to is Medal Of Honor is about the war and about one man's journey in the war. But it's about the quality of the gameplay, and we can translate that quality to any game we make. The Pacific theatre should be just as good as the European theatre.' Either way, Pacific Assault looks like a decent stab at evolving the brilliant Medal Of Honor franchise, and the far Eastern setting should keep things reasonably fresh. Good old VVWII - just keeps on giving.
